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Pan-Africanism exists as a governmental and grassroots objective. … Pan-Africanism stresses the need for ‘collective self-reliance’. Based on a common goal going back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Caribbean, Latin America, the United States and Canada. “ Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diasporan ethnic groups of African descent.
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NY Times: RINGING CHANGES ON JAMAICAN REGGAE (April 26, 1981) YouTube: King Tubby Prince Jammy & Scientist It became a crowd favourite due to the high quality sound of his equipment, exclusive releases and Tubby’s own echo and reverb sound effects, at that point something of a novelty.” Tubby would eventually form his own sound system, Tubby’s Hometown Hi-Fi, in 1958. In 1961/62 he built his own radio transmitter and briefly ran a private radio station playing ska and rhythm and blues which he soon shut down when he heard that the police were looking for the perpetrators. It was here that he built large amplifiers for the local sound systems. Tubby owned an electrical repair shop on Drumalie Avenue, Kingston, that fixed televisions and radios. As a talented radio repairman, Tubby soon found himself in great demand by most of the major sound systems of Kingston, as the tropical weather of the Caribbean island, (often combined with sabotage by rival sound system owners) led to malfunctions and equipment failure. “King Tubby’s music career began in the 1950s with the rising popularity of Jamaican sound systems, which were to be found all over Kingston and which were developing into enterprising businesses. YouTube: Max Romeo – War Ina Babylon 37:52
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Lee “Scratch” Perry and the Golden Age of Roots: ‘War Ina Babylon’ Other highlights include ‘One Step Forward’ and ‘Smile Out a Style.’ Essential to any reggae collection.” (His ‘Wet Dream’ had been a huge hit in England several years earlier, and had been followed by such other delicacies as ‘Wine Her Goosie’ and ‘Pussy Watch Man.’) But there’s no denying the authority of his admonishing voice here, and the title track (which describes the violent mood during Jamaica’s 1972 general election) has remained a standard for decades. But what makes it so remarkable is not just the consistently high quality of the music - indeed, by 1976 one had come to expect nothing but the finest and heaviest grooves from Perry and his studio band, the Upsetters - rather, it’s the fact that Max Romeo had proved to be such a convincing singer of cultural (or ‘conscious’) reggae after several years of raking it in as a purveyor of the most abject slackness. “Like the epochal Police & Thieves by Junior Murvin, which also originated at Lee ‘Scratch’ Perry‘s Black Ark Studio and thus shares with this album Perry‘s trademark dark, swampy ambience, War ina Babylon is something of a mountain on the reggae landscape.